Urine?based liquid biopsy in bladder cancer: Opportunities and challenges

Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a most common urological tumours with high rate of recurrence, which needs long-term follow-up. To date, diagnosis and surveillance BLCA still rely on cystoscopy, an invasive expensive method that increases the difficulty for routine Therefore, exploring new biomarkers or tests effective way to improve current clinical management BLCA. Recent years, liquid biopsy has received increasing attention, especially its great potential application in non-invasive detection tumours. In addition, involves wide range biomarkers, including DNA, RNA, proteins, extracellular vesicles metabolites blood, urine other body fluids. For BLCA, ideal fluid achieve surveillance. Here, we address recent developments urine-based diagnostic challenges such as early detection, minimal residual, recurrence monitoring therapeutic response. Meanwhile, many need be overcome are also discussed.